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Módulo I Marco conceptual para la Gestión del Riesgo

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Los conceptos de desastre y riesgo

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Los desastres son consecuencia de la combinación de dos factores principales:

a) los fenómenos naturales capaces de desencadenar procesos que provocan daños físicos y pérdidas de vidas humanas y de capital.

b) la vulnerabilidad de las personas y los asentamientos humanos.

Estos eventos alteran las condiciones de vida de las comunidades y de las personas, así como la actividad económica de los países. Mientras que algunos se originan en fenómenos violentos o inesperados, - como los terremotos - otros, que son de generación o evolución lenta, -como las sequías-, tienen un efecto negativo en las sociedades y economías, y, dependiendo de su intensidad y duración, pueden llegar a afectar la provisión de alimentos o servicios esenciales a la población.

Todas las naciones están expuestas, en mayor o menor medida, a eventos naturales extremos, sin embargo, éstos no siempre provocan un desastre. Un desastre tiene lugar cuando frente a un evento natural hay condiciones de vulnerabilidad. Los fenómenos naturales con potencial destructivo sobre un territorio están identificados como amenazas. La vulnerabilidad es una condición previa —que se manifiesta durante el desastre— y al mismo tiempo es un indicador de la exposición del capital y de la capacidad de tolerancia y resiliencia al daño por parte de personas, hogares, comunidades y países.

La destrucción de los bienes materiales y culturales y el deterioro de los medios de subsistencia de gran parte de la población son consecuencias inmediatas y directas de los desastres. No obstante, existe interrelación entre el grado del impacto y los problemas presentes en los países en diversos ámbitos (social, político, ambiental, sanitario, financiero u otro), que pueden disminuir menoscabar la capacidad de respuesta y resiliencia, y afectar negativamente el progreso. La gestión del  riesgo de desastres tiene como propósito anticipar medidas para evitar sus efectos negativos y proceder eficazmente en la etapa de recuperación posterior al desastre con acciones de mitigación que reduzcan los riesgos futuros.

No es fácil establecer el límite entre el origen exclusivamente natural o socio-natural de una amenaza de desastre. El estudio de estos eventos indica que una parte importante de las amenazas es consecuencia de la interacción de eventos naturales con condiciones ambientales degradadas por la acción humana. Un hecho paradigmático que ejemplifica este tipo de amenazas socio-naturales lo constituyen los eventos climáticos y las modificaciones ambientales que se prevén como consecuencia del cambio climático global inducido por las altas concentraciones de CO2 en la atmósfera, provenientes de la actividad humana. En otros casos, la degradación ambiental proviene de la alteración de los suelos por la deforestación, el cambio de la vocación del suelo, el monocultivo reiterado o el uso residencial, lo que aumenta las probabilidades de deslizamientos de suelo o inundaciones en caso de que se produzca un terremoto o se registren lluvias torrenciales.

Más allá de las condiciones ambientales que aumentan el riesgo y desencadenan nuevas amenazas, el estudio de los desastres en diferentes contextos económicos y sociales ha mostrado que, en muchos casos, su origen no sólo está sujeto a la existencia de una amenaza natural, sino también a la intervención de procesos de orden social, económico e institucional, como la pobreza, la desigualdad social, el subdesarrollo económico y la guerra. Estos planteamientos se confirman al comparar las consecuencias de los desastres en contextos económicos e institucionales con capacidad de respuesta social y económica con las que se registran en entornos que carecen de mecanismos de protección y prevención suficientes para evitar, disminuir o controlar los daños. Al respecto, varios autores sostienen, que a partir de la revisión y el análisis de desastres ocurridos en contextos económicos y sociales muy diferentes, que si bien estos se originan por un fenómeno natural, la magnitud de su impacto está sujeta a la fragilidad previa de las condiciones físicas, sociales y económicas de las entidades expuestas al daño. La existencia de estas condiciones se denomina “vulnerabilidad a desastres”.

 

Imágenes de apoyo:

Fuente: CNN http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/16/world/americas/central-america-floods/

 

Fuente: TicoTimes.http://www.ticotimes.net/2014/08/07/drought-hits-central-americas-crops-cattle

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Metaphysics

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You see? It's curious. Ted did figure it out - time travel. And when we get back, we gonna tell everyone. How it's possible, how it's done, what the dangers are. But then why fifty years in the future when the spacecraft encounters a black hole does the computer call it an 'unknown entry event'? Why don't they know? If they don't know, that means we never told anyone. And if we never told anyone it means we never made it back. Hence we die down here. Just as a matter of deductive logic.

Well, the way they make shows is, they make one show. That show's called a pilot. Then they show that show to the people who make shows, and on the strength of that one show they decide if they're going to make more shows. Some pilots get picked and become television programs. Some don't, become nothing. She starred in one of the ones that became nothing.

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Aesthetics

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You see? It's curious. Ted did figure it out - time travel. And when we get back, we gonna tell everyone. How it's possible, how it's done, what the dangers are. But then why fifty years in the future when the spacecraft encounters a black hole does the computer call it an 'unknown entry event'? Why don't they know? If they don't know, that means we never told anyone. And if we never told anyone it means we never made it back. Hence we die down here. Just as a matter of deductive logic.

Well, the way they make shows is, they make one show. That show's called a pilot. Then they show that show to the people who make shows, and on the strength of that one show they decide if they're going to make more shows. Some pilots get picked and become television programs. Some don't, become nothing. She starred in one of the ones that became nothing.

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Ethics

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You see? It's curious. Ted did figure it out - time travel. And when we get back, we gonna tell everyone. How it's possible, how it's done, what the dangers are. But then why fifty years in the future when the spacecraft encounters a black hole does the computer call it an 'unknown entry event'? Why don't they know? If they don't know, that means we never told anyone. And if we never told anyone it means we never made it back. Hence we die down here. Just as a matter of deductive logic.

Well, the way they make shows is, they make one show. That show's called a pilot. Then they show that show to the people who make shows, and on the strength of that one show they decide if they're going to make more shows. Some pilots get picked and become television programs. Some don't, become nothing. She starred in one of the ones that became nothing.

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Physics

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The lysine contingency - it's intended to prevent the spread of the animals is case they ever got off the island. Dr. Wu inserted a gene that makes a single faulty enzyme in protein metabolism. The animals can't manufacture the amino acid lysine. Unless they're continually supplied with lysine by us, they'll slip into a coma and die.

Well, the way they make shows is, they make one show. That show's called a pilot. Then they show that show to the people who make shows, and on the strength of that one show they decide if they're going to make more shows. Some pilots get picked and become television programs. Some don't, become nothing. She starred in one of the ones that became nothing.

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Biology

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You see? It's curious. Ted did figure it out - time travel. And when we get back, we gonna tell everyone. How it's possible, how it's done, what the dangers are. But then why fifty years in the future when the spacecraft encounters a black hole does the computer call it an 'unknown entry event'? Why don't they know? If they don't know, that means we never told anyone. And if we never told anyone it means we never made it back. Hence we die down here. Just as a matter of deductive logic.

Well, the way they make shows is, they make one show. That show's called a pilot. Then they show that show to the people who make shows, and on the strength of that one show they decide if they're going to make more shows. Some pilots get picked and become television programs. Some don't, become nothing. She starred in one of the ones that became nothing.

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Anthropology

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You see? It's curious. Ted did figure it out - time travel. And when we get back, we gonna tell everyone. How it's possible, how it's done, what the dangers are. But then why fifty years in the future when the spacecraft encounters a black hole does the computer call it an 'unknown entry event'? Why don't they know? If they don't know, that means we never told anyone. And if we never told anyone it means we never made it back. Hence we die down here. Just as a matter of deductive logic.

Well, the way they make shows is, they make one show. That show's called a pilot. Then they show that show to the people who make shows, and on the strength of that one show they decide if they're going to make more shows. Some pilots get picked and become television programs. Some don't, become nothing. She starred in one of the ones that became nothing.

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Chemistry

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You see? It's curious. Ted did figure it out - time travel. And when we get back, we gonna tell everyone. How it's possible, how it's done, what the dangers are. But then why fifty years in the future when the spacecraft encounters a black hole does the computer call it an 'unknown entry event'? Why don't they know? If they don't know, that means we never told anyone. And if we never told anyone it means we never made it back. Hence we die down here. Just as a matter of deductive logic.

Well, the way they make shows is, they make one show. That show's called a pilot. Then they show that show to the people who make shows, and on the strength of that one show they decide if they're going to make more shows. Some pilots get picked and become television programs. Some don't, become nothing. She starred in one of the ones that became nothing.

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Poetry

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The lysine contingency - it's intended to prevent the spread of the animals is case they ever got off the island. Dr. Wu inserted a gene that makes a single faulty enzyme in protein metabolism. The animals can't manufacture the amino acid lysine. Unless they're continually supplied with lysine by us, they'll slip into a coma and die.

Well, the way they make shows is, they make one show. That show's called a pilot. Then they show that show to the people who make shows, and on the strength of that one show they decide if they're going to make more shows. Some pilots get picked and become television programs. Some don't, become nothing. She starred in one of the ones that became nothing.

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Prose

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You see? It's curious. Ted did figure it out - time travel. And when we get back, we gonna tell everyone. How it's possible, how it's done, what the dangers are. But then why fifty years in the future when the spacecraft encounters a black hole does the computer call it an 'unknown entry event'? Why don't they know? If they don't know, that means we never told anyone. And if we never told anyone it means we never made it back. Hence we die down here. Just as a matter of deductive logic.

Well, the way they make shows is, they make one show. That show's called a pilot. Then they show that show to the people who make shows, and on the strength of that one show they decide if they're going to make more shows. Some pilots get picked and become television programs. Some don't, become nothing. She starred in one of the ones that became nothing.

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Fiction

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You see? It's curious. Ted did figure it out - time travel. And when we get back, we gonna tell everyone. How it's possible, how it's done, what the dangers are. But then why fifty years in the future when the spacecraft encounters a black hole does the computer call it an 'unknown entry event'? Why don't they know? If they don't know, that means we never told anyone. And if we never told anyone it means we never made it back. Hence we die down here. Just as a matter of deductive logic.

Well, the way they make shows is, they make one show. That show's called a pilot. Then they show that show to the people who make shows, and on the strength of that one show they decide if they're going to make more shows. Some pilots get picked and become television programs. Some don't, become nothing. She starred in one of the ones that became nothing.

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Non-fiction

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You see? It's curious. Ted did figure it out - time travel. And when we get back, we gonna tell everyone. How it's possible, how it's done, what the dangers are. But then why fifty years in the future when the spacecraft encounters a black hole does the computer call it an 'unknown entry event'? Why don't they know? If they don't know, that means we never told anyone. And if we never told anyone it means we never made it back. Hence we die down here. Just as a matter of deductive logic.

Well, the way they make shows is, they make one show. That show's called a pilot. Then they show that show to the people who make shows, and on the strength of that one show they decide if they're going to make more shows. Some pilots get picked and become television programs. Some don't, become nothing. She starred in one of the ones that became nothing.

Keep clicked to show image